Suvorexant for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): Neural Mechanisms

* INCLUSION CRITERIA:
* All Participants

To be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

* Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study.
* Male or female, ages 18-75 years old.
* Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.

  * AUD Participants

To be eligible to participate in this study, an individual with AUD must meet all of the "All Participants" inclusion criteria (listed above) and also meet the following criteria:

* DSM 5 diagnosis of moderate or severe AUD.
* Participants seeking treatment for their AUD.
* Current AUD with minimum 5-year lifetime history of heavy drinking (SAMSHA's criteria for heavy drinking: for men 5 or more drinks/day on at least 5 different days per month; and for women 4 or more drinks/day on at least 5 different days per month).
* Last alcohol use within the 7 days prior to enrollment in the Natural History protocol 14AA0181.
* Self-reported insomnia/sleep problems: PSQI score \> 4 and/or endorsing "problems falling asleep or staying asleep throughout the night".
* Ability to take oral medication and be willing to adhere to the suvorexant/placebo regimen.
* Agreement to commit to at least 28 days, and up to 40 days, inpatient stay (starting from Natural History protocol enrollment).
* Agreement to adhere to Lifestyle Considerations throughout study duration.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

-All Participants

An individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation:

* Presence of ferromagnetic objects in the body that are contraindicated for MRI of the head, fear of enclosed spaces, or other standard contraindication to MRI.
* Cannot lie comfortably flat on his/her back for up to 2 hours in the MRI scanner.
* Body weight \> 400 lbs. The PET scanner bed is tested to a weight limit of 400 lbs.
* Have had previous radiation exposure (from X-rays, PET scans, or other exposure) that, with the exposure from this study, would exceed NIH annual research limits as determined by medical history and physical exam.
* Pregnant or breast-feeding: Females of childbearing potential, or with tubal ligation, or are post-menopausal and are age 55 or less will undergo a urine pregnancy test and it must be negative to continue participation. Urine pregnancy tests will be repeated on subsequent days of study (i.e., within 24 hours before study procedures). Females must not be currently breastfeeding.
* Severe head trauma with loss of consciousness \> 60 minutes.
* Chronic recurrent primary psychotic disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar 1 disorder.
* Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) total score \> 35 or 'suicidal thoughts' item score \> 3, indicating severe depression or moderate suicidality, respectively.
* Major medical problems that can permanently impact brain function (e.g., seizures, psychosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, clinically significant arrhythmias except bradycardia, and HIV+).
* Hepatic enzymes (ALT/GPT, AST/GOT, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin) that are \>5x the upper limit of normal, indicating severe hepatic impairment.

  * Non-English speakers (must also be able to read and comprehend English).

    * The intent of the research has no prospect of direct benefit to the subject. Therefore, we are excluding non-English speakers in this research study since it includes the administration of questionnaires, surveys and assessments that are validated for English; only some are available in Spanish. In addition, our fMRI paradigms require that the subject be able to speak, read and comprehend English.

      * AUD Participants

An individual with AUD who meets any of the "All Participants" exclusion criteria (listed above) or any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:

* Current daily use of stimulant medications, modafinil, wellbutrin, naltrexone, antipsychotics, or strong CYP3A inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, clarithromycin, nefazodone, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir, boceprevir, telaprevir, telithromycin and conivaptan).
* Current benzodiazepine, opioids, or stimulant misuse (must have misused 5+ days/week for \>1 year, and most recent use must have been within 7 days of inpatient admission).
* Current severe substance use disorders (other than alcohol, cannabis, nicotine or caffeine). If a subject had a severe SUD (other than alcohol, cannabis, nicotine or caffeine), they must be in remission for at least 6 months prior to enrollment.
* Major medical problems that are contraindicated for the use of suvorexant (narcolepsy, severe obstructive sleep apnea or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, REM behavioral disorder) as determined by history and clinical exam.

Note that AUD subjects will not be excluded from enrollment onto this study if their urine test or breath alcohol level (BAL) is positive for drugs/alcohol on initial screening. The following guidelines will be followed for positive drug/alcohol screens on study procedure days involving imaging scans and neuropsychological testing:

-If a subject's urine drug/breath alcohol (\>=0.08%) screen test is positive on days involving imaging (MRI and/or PET) and NP testing, the procedures will be postponed until BrAC \<0.08. This is not expected to happen in most cases especially since participants will have been detoxifying for 1-5 days (possibly longer) and should no longer test positive for BrAC at this point. After initial screening under 14AA0181, subjects will be in the inpatient unit detoxifying.

* If urine drug screen is positive for THC-COOH, a saliva drug screen will be performed. However, there are reports that THC can still be detected in saliva even eight days after cessation of drug use. Because of this, AUD subjects may proceed with study day testing procedures even if saliva results for THC are positive. If any AUD participants test positive for saliva THC-COOH, we may include those results as a covariate in our statistical analyses.
* If any other urine results are positive, we may include those results as a covariate in our statistical analyses. It is important to note that the subjects will have been in the inpatient unit detoxifying from alcohol and won't have access to drugs of misuse during this time. Positive results could be indicative of slow metabolizers of drugs and subject may stay enrolled and participate in the imaging scans.

We minimized exclusion criteria pertaining to current medication use in the AUD group participants to make recruitment feasible and so the outcome can be better generalized to vulnerable AUD populations which have high rates of comorbid mental and physical illness requiring medication. Note however that although current daily use of naltrexone is an exclusion per above, once the imaging scans and study drug dosing are completed, standard of care treatment will be started a few days prior to discharge and this could include taking naltrexone daily. This will not be considered a violation or non-compliance or deviation from criteria listed above once the imaging studies are complete. Standard of care may start within 24 hours of last study drug medication dose or last brain imaging scan under the current protocol, whichever happens last. This treatment is initiated for a few days under the 14AA0181 Natural History protocol prior to discharge from the unit.

-Control Participants

A control individual who meets any of the criteria listed under "All Participants" exclusion criteria (listed above) or any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:

* Current DSM-5 diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder that requires/required daily psychoactive medications (antidepressant, antipsychotics, stimulants, opioids, benzodiazepines or barbiturates) in the past two months and that could impact brain function at the time of the study as determined by history and clinical exam.
* History of moderate or severe substance use disorders (other than nicotine or caffeine).
* The following current chronically used (past 2 months) medications are exclusionary: stimulant or stimulant-like drugs and medications (cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil); opioid drugs or medications; antianginal agents; antiarrhythmics; systemic corticosteroids; anticholinergics; anticoagulants; anticonvulsants; antidepressants; antihistamines (sedating); beta-blocker antihypertensives; antineoplastics; antiobesity; antipsychotics; anxiolytics (benzodiazepine or barbiturates); lithium; muscle relaxants; psychotropic drugs not otherwise specified (nos); sedatives/hypnotics, systemic steroids. Note that nicotine and/or caffeine is not exclusionary.

When developing this protocol to include healthy volunteers, we needed a population not taking medications that could impact our interpretation of dopamine level measurements, since we are hoping to get estimates of 'baseline' dopamine levels in this control population.

Note that subjects will not be excluded from enrollment onto this study if their urine test or breath alcohol level (BAL) is positive for drugs/alcohol on initial screening. The following guidelines will be followed for positive drug/alcohol screens on study procedure days involving imaging scans and neuropsychological testing in HV participants:

* If a subject's urine drug/breath alcohol (\>0.08%) screen test is positive on days involving imaging (MRI and/or PET) and NP testing, the procedures will be postponed and rescheduled. We will allow for up to 3 rescheduled study days resulting from positive urine drug/breath alcohol screens. If urine drug screen is positive for THC-COOH, a saliva drug screen will be performed and subject may proceed with study day testing procedures if saliva results for THC are negative. If the urine/saliva drug test is positive on the third rescheduled visit, the participant will be withdrawn from the study.
* If a participants urine drug screen test is positive for marijuana (urine drug screen positive for THC-COOH) on the day of the scan, we will then perform a saliva drug screen to verify if THC is present. If positive, procedures will be postponed until it becomes negative.
* If a participants urine drug screen test is positive for cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine they will be excluded.