Understanding the Health Effect of a Bioactive Peptide From Egg: A Pilot Study

Inclusion Criteria:

Healthy control group:

* Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmonton area/driving distance).
* Normal weight (BMI below 25 kg/m2 or Asian population below 23 kg/m2 )
* Waist circumference below the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada / USA: \<102 cm men and \<88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, and Mediterranean: \<94 cm men and \<80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South and Central Americans: \<90 cm men and \<80 cm women
* Fasting glucose \<5.6 mmol/L
* HbA1c \<5.6 %
* Blood pressure \<130/85 mmHg
* Triglycerides \<1.7 mmol/L
* HDL-Cholesterol \>1.03 mmol/L men and \>1.29 mmol/L women
* Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study
* Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their life or who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago)

Individuals at risk of diabetes/having type 2 diabetes:

* Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmonton area/driving distance).
* Overweight or obesity (BMI above 25 kg/m2 or Asian population above 23 kg/m2)
* Waist circumference at or above the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada / USA: ≥ 102 cm men and ≥ 88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, and Mediterranean: ≥ 94 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South and Central Americans: ≥ 90 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women
* Fasting glucose ≥ 6.0 mmol/L
* HbA1c ≥ 6.0 %
* Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study
* Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their life or who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals with a previous history of CVD, renal disorder, monogenic dyslipidemia, with endocrine disorders other than T2D
* Individuals taking chronic anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin, antihistamines, and omega-3 supplements)
* Pregnant/lactating women
* Individuals aged above 70 years
* Smokers (current smokers: daily/occasional and those who have smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their life)
* Individuals with specific nutritional restrictions (e.g. vegetarianism excluding eggs from their diet, vegan or with egg allergy) will be excluded
* Individuals with poorly controlled (HbA1c \>12.0%) diabetes or taking exogenous insulin will be excluded. Other anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering medications will be documented.